Mitigation of negative delay via half CP shift

ABSTRACT

A receiver performing a half cyclic prefix (CP) shift on received subframes is disclosed, comprising: an analog to digital conversion (ADC) module; a cyclic prefix (CP) removal module coupled to the ADC module configured to retain a portion of cyclic prefix samples; a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module configured to receive samples from the cyclic prefix removal module, and to perform a FFT procedure on the received samples using a FFT window, the FFT window being shifted ahead based on the retained portion of cyclic prefix samples, to output an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbol; and a rotation compensation module coupled to the FFT module, the rotation compensation module configured to perform phase de-rotation of the OFDM symbol.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/430,757, filed Jun. 4, 2019, and entitled“Mitigation of Negative Delay via Half CP Shift,” which itself is acontinuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/489,722, filed Apr. 17, 2017, and entitled “Mitigation of NegativeDelay via Half CP Shift,” which itself is a non-provisional conversionof, and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/322,968, filed Apr. 15, 2016, andentitled “Mitigation of Negative Delay via Half CP Shift,” each of whichare hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.Additionally, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. US20140086120, US20140092765,US20140133456, US20150045063, and US20150078167 are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The following references are also incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes: [1] Shaika Mukhtar, “Analytical Review ofOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),” InternationalJournal of Advanced Research in Electronics and CommunicationEngineering (IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 2, January 2013; [2]http://www.ltecentral.com/2012/03/cyclic-prefix-cp.html; [3] Long TermEvolution IN BULLETS by Chris Johnson; [4]http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr04/cellplan/cellsize.htm.

BACKGROUND

Cyclic Prefix (CP) is a technology useful in the implementation oftoday's 4G technologies, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), which function on theprinciple of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Whentransmitted signals arrive at the receiver by more than one path ofdifferent length, the received signals are staggered in time; this ismultipath propagation. To mitigate the effect of dispersed channeldistortion caused by random channel delay spread, Cyclic Prefix (CP) isintroduced to eliminate Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). However in ascenario of positive delay CP does prove to be useful, but in a case ofnegative delay, the CP does not aid in the mitigation of ISI consideringthe FFT window to start at the CP and OFDM symbol boundary. Due to thisthere can be spillover of the OFDM symbols. Hence causing degradation onthe system performance.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods are disclosed for the mitigation of negative delayin OFDM systems.

In a first embodiment, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) receiver isdisclosed, comprising: an analog to digital conversion (ADC) module; acyclic prefix (CP) removal module coupled to the ADC module configuredto retain a portion of cyclic prefix samples; a fast Fourier transform(FFT) module configured to receive samples from the cyclic prefixremoval module, and to perform a FFT procedure on the received samplesusing a FFT window, the FFT window being shifted ahead based on theretained portion of cyclic prefix samples, to output an orthogonalfrequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbol; and a rotationcompensation module coupled to the FFT module, the rotation compensationmodule configured to perform phase de-rotation of the OFDM symbol.

The LTE receiver may be part of an LTE small cell base station, LTEfemto cell base station, or LTE pico cell base station. The retainedportion of cyclic prefix samples may be one half of the samples of areceived per-symbol cyclic prefix. The CP removal module may beconfigured to remove 80 samples from a first OFDM symbol in a leadingposition in an LTE slot. The CP removal module may be configured toremove 72 samples from a plurality of non-leading position OFDM symbolsin an LTE slot. The CP removal module may be configured to remove adifferent number of samples based on an LTE channel bandwidth, an LTEchannel model, an LTE base station coverage area, or an LTE receiverconfiguration. The LTE receiver may be configured to apply CP sampleretention for signals received from an LTE user equipment (UE) operatingat a pedestrian speed or vehicular speed. The LTE receiver may beconfigured to perform channel estimation.

In a second embodiment, a method is disclosed, comprising: receiving anorthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) radio frame, the OFDMradio frame containing a subframe, the subframe containing a slot;performing analog to digital conversion (ADC) on the slot to generate asample sequence; performing cyclic prefix (CP) sample removal on theplurality of samples to generate a CP-removed sample sequence;performing a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the OFDM symbol to generatea symbol; and performing a de-rotation of the symbol, The CP-removedsample sequence contains a portion of a cyclic prefix of the samplesequence.

The OFDM radio frame may be an LTE radio frame. The portion of thecyclic prefix may be half of the cyclic prefix. The method may furthercomprise outputting a reference symbol and a data symbol. The method mayfurther comprise performing channel estimation on the de-rotated symbol.The method may further comprise equalizing and de-rotating the symbol.The method may further comprise de-rotating the symbol by multiplying bya complex conjugate of a phase ramp e^(−j2ft). The method may furthercomprise removing 80 samples from a first OFDM symbol in a leadingposition in an LTE slot. The method may further comprise removing 72samples from a plurality of non-leading position OFDM symbols in an LTEslot. The method may further comprise removing a different number ofsamples based on an LTE channel bandwidth, an LTE channel model, an LTEbase station coverage area, or an LTE receiver configuration. The methodmay further comprise performing CP sample removal for signals receivedfrom an LTE user equipment (UE) operating at a pedestrian speed orvehicular speed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an LTE subframe, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with cyclic prefix, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with no timing offset, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with positive timingoffset, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with negative timingoffset, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol showing CP shift tomitigate negative time offset, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an LTE receiver block, in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an enhanced eNodeB, in accordance withsome embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Introduction

For consideration of the problem stated in this paper we highlight theissue based on the LTE 4G system. Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier scheme used in modern broadbandwireless communication systems to transmit data over a number oforthogonal subcarriers [1]. In the LTE systems, two frame types aresupported, namely: Type 1 (used in Frequency Division Duplexing—FDD);and Type 2 (used in Time Division Duplexing—TDD).

OFDMA at the physical layer, in conjunction with a Medium Access Control(MAC) layer, provides optimized resource allocation and quality ofservice support for different users. Downlink and uplink transmissionsare organized into radio frames with frame duration Tf=10 ms duration.The time and frequency domains are organized in a grid of physicalresource blocks spanning a number of subcarriers and time slots. AResource Block (RB) is the smallest unit to which user traffic isallocated (i.e. two users cannot share one RB). In the time domain, RBspans one slot of 0.5 ms duration. The number of OFDM symbols in a slotdepends on the cyclic prefix length and configured sub-carrier spacing.

Considering a 20 MHz use case the first OFDM symbol will have a CP sizeof 160 samples for the first OFDM symbol of every slot and 144 sampleOFDM symbol 1-6 after the first OFDM symbol.

This disclosure is divided into various sections. Section II gives abasic outline to the importance of CP considering a LTE system as thetechnology example. It mainly covers the purpose behind CP and how itwould assist in the mitigation of ISI. Section III states the problemstatement of the paper which is negative timing offset it however coverspositive timing offset as well. It provides a graphical view of theissue described. Section IV explains the proposed method of dealing withnegative timing offset. A graphical view of the problem and the solutionis provided. Section V provides a flowchart and implementation of theproposed solution. It considers and example of a LTE system of 20 MHz asan example. Section VI describes an exemplary hardware embodiment.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an LTE subframe, in accordance withsome embodiments. Radio frame 101 represents a 10 msec radio frame.Radio frame 101 is made up of 10 subframes 102, each 1 msec in duration.Each subframe is made up of two slots 103, slot 0 and slot 1, equal inlength at 0.5 msec. Each slot contains a number of OFDM symbols. Symbol105 includes an initial portion 105 a, denoting the CP top and having aduration of 4.688 μsec, and a subsequent portion 105 b, denoting theuseful symbol Tg and having a duration of 66.667 μsec. A number is shownin the block denoting the portions; this number is a number of samplesas sampled by the radio receiver. The number of samples depends on thechannel bandwidth. Channel bandwidths 104 of 20 MHz, 15 MHz, 10 MHz, 5MHz, 3 MHz, and 1 MHz, together with the appropriate number of samples,is shown in the figure. The number of resource blocks (RBs) and thesampling frequency is shown below in Table 1, together with the CPlength. Two CP lengths are commonly used, a first length for Symbol 0(the first symbol in an LTE slot) and a second, shorter length forSymbol 1. Although the specific number of samples, etc. are shown belowfor LTE, the same principles could be applied to any OFDM symbol, whichmay have different sampling rates, etc.

TABLE 1 Overview of LTE Numerology Channel Bandwidth 20 15 10 5 3 1.4MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz Frame Duration 10 ms Subframe Duration 1 ms SlotDuration 0.5 ms Symbol Duration 66.667 us Number of RB's 100 75 50 25 156 IFFT(Tx)/FFT size(Rx) 2048 1536 1024 512 256 128 Sampling frequency30.72 23.04 15.36 7.68 3.84 1.92 (sampling rate) Cyclic Prefix Lengthfor Short 160/144 120/108 80/72 40/36 20/18 9/10 Tcp = 5.21 μs Symbol 0Tcp = 4.69 μs Symbol 1-6

II. Basics of Cyclicprefix

Cyclic Prefix by its name is evident that cyclic indicates that, the CPmaintains a repeated nature of something and prefix says it is added atthe beginning. The motivation for adding the cyclic extension is toavoid inter-symbol interference (ISI). “When the transmitter adds acyclic extension longer than the channel impulse response, the effect ofthe previous symbol can be avoided by removing the cyclic extension atthe receiver” [2]. The CP represents a guard period at the start of eachOFDMA symbol which provides protection against multi-path delay spread.The CP also represents an overhead which should be minimized ([3]).

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with cyclic prefix, inaccordance with some embodiments. Generation of the cyclic prefix isshown schematically. A single OFDM symbol 200 is shown, made up of CP201, data symbol 202, and end portion 203. The cyclic prefix 201 isgenerated by copying the end portion 203 of the main body of the OFDMsymbol 202 on to the front of the main body. The OFDM symbol duration isdefined as Ts=Tu+Tcp, where Tcp is the guard interval or cyclic prefix.When the guard interval is longer than the channel impulse response orthe multipath delay, the ISI can be effectively eliminated.

The delay spread considered for LTE system is given in Table 2.Considering the case of extended typical urban (ETU) the delay spreadmentioned is of 991 ns˜(1 μs) and the CP size 5.208 μs. From here we cansee that CP size is approximately 5 times that of the delay spread. Thisreduces the likelihood that multiple path issues will arise. 3GPPdocument 36.101 v10.8.0 is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

TABLE 2 Delay Profiles for LTE Channel Models Number of Delay SpreadModel Channel Taps (rms) Extended pedestrian A (EPA) 7 45 ns Extendedvehicular A (EVA) 9 357 ns Extended typical urban (ETU) 9 991 ns

III. Effects of Time Offset

A. Ideal Case with No Time Offset.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with no timing offset, inaccordance with some embodiments, showing symbol boundaries. In an idealcondition where there is no TO (Timing Offset) inter-symbol interferencewill not be observed. Here the FFT windows boundaries shown would notsee any symbol overlaps as can be seen in FIG. 3 . Two symbols, symbol 0302 and symbol 1 304 are shown, each with its own cyclic prefix 301 and303, respectively. The FFT window for symbol 0 is shown as window 305.The FFT window for symbol 1 is shown as window 306. Windows 305 and 306align with the boundaries of symbols 302 and 304, respectively, as thereis no time offset. Samples of the cyclic prefixes are not needed for theFFT computation, again due to a lack of time offset.

Since there is no overlap at the symbol level the CP can be discardedand only the symbol can be considered for FFT. There will be nodistortion or loss of information allowing the system to behave in wellsynchronized manner.

B. Positive Time Offset.

In a condition of positive delay as seen in FIG. 4 , symbol 0 can arrivelate in time due to multipath. Since multiple replicas of the samesignal travelling by different paths would arrive at different timeperiods this would cause symbol 0 to spill into symbol 1. However due tothe CP of symbol 1, symbol 1 will not observe any form of ISI effect.The CP length would be sufficient enough to absorb the overlap of symbol0.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with positive timingoffset, in accordance with some embodiments, showing symbol boundaries.Two symbols, symbol 0 402 and symbol 1 404 are shown, each with its owncyclic prefix 401 and 403, respectively. Symbol 0 has arrived x ms late,shown as time period 408, perhaps due to multipath. The FFT window forsymbol 0 is shown as window 406. The FFT window for symbol 1 is shown aswindow 407. Window 406 does not align with symbol 0; rather, sincesymbol 0 has arrived x ms late, window 406 extends into cyclic prefix403. This overlap is shown as circled area 405.

In FIG. 4 we consider that symbol 0 has arrived late in time, here shownas x ms late, this will inherently cause a phase rotation in thefrequency domain causing the channel estimates to be slightly rotated.Due to the CP the ISI can be mitigated to a certain degree of positivedelay. If the timing offset if higher than the CP length, then thesymbols can overlap which is hardly the case as CP length is calculatedon the bases of rms (root mean square) delay spread.

C. Negative Time Offset.

In a condition of negative delay as seen in FIG. 5 , symbol 1 arrivesbefore its FFT window starts. This issue would cause an ISI effect tosymbol 0, as the CP of symbol 1 would spill into the symbol 0 region ascircled in FIG. 5 .

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol with negative timingoffset, in accordance with some embodiments, showing symbol boundaries.Two symbols, symbol 0 502 and symbol 1 504 are shown, each with its owncyclic prefix 501 and 503, respectively. Symbol 1 has arrived early,such that its CP samples arrive during the symbol 0 region. Thespillover of symbol 1 is shown as circled area 505. The FFT window forsymbol 0 is shown as window 506. The FFT window for symbol 1 is shown aswindow 507. Window 506 is aligned with symbol 0; however, since symbol 1has arrived early, part of the CP of symbol 1 extends into symbol 0'swindow 506.

Another issue also faced would be the FFT window for symbol 1 will startat its predefined timing. Due to this certain level of data samples ofsymbol 1 would get dropped causing loss of information samples. Thisissue would make symbol 0 and symbol 1 difficult to decode causing ahuge impact in the system performance which is unacceptable. Such ascenario can occur when symbol boundaries have been shaken due to earlyattach or UE out of sync.

IV. Method of Mitigation of Negative Time Offset

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an LTE symbol showing CP shift tomitigate negative time offset, in accordance with some embodiments. Twosymbols, symbol 0 602 and symbol 1 604 are shown, each with its owncyclic prefix 601 and 603, respectively. The FFT window for symbol 0 isshown as window 606. The FFT window for symbol 1 is shown as window 607.Negative timing offset is present, such that symbol 1 has arrived earlyand its CP samples arrive during the symbol 0 region. If leftuncorrected, this may result in ISI effects on symbol 0.

The issue described in section C of Section III can have a significanteffect on the overall system performance. The DMRS symbol can getcorrupted with the OFDM symbol of previous symbol. Hence not allowingchannel estimates to be computed accurately. Leading to an issue ofimproper equalization of the data symbols and incorrect measurementcalculations.

To be able to handle this issue a Half CP shift mechanism can be takeninto consideration as explained above. The Half CP shift shifts the FFTwindow for symbol 602, window 606, by half the CP length. Hence thismeans that FFT for window 606 is performed ahead of time. The questionis by how much time? The FFT window time can be shifted by approximatelyHalf CP. The advancement of the FFT window would cause a phase rotationin the frequency domain for symbol 0 but saving symbol 0 from ISI as canbe seen in FIG. 6 . The Half CP rotation that has happen in frequencydomain can be de-rotated back easily. This can be achieved bymultiplying the constant phase shift on each carrier. By moving the FFTwindow 606, it can be seen that although symbol 1 604 experiences aspillover into the CP region of symbol 1, 603, this spillover into theCP region of symbol 1 will still be safe as the CP is discarded.

This half-CP shift is not suggested for generation of LTE symbols.Rather, the disclosed method is for a receiver, to be designed to removehalf of a CP as part of a received OFDM symbol, to cater to anymisalignment of UE in terms of timing advance. This differs from thetypical behavior of an eNodeB or base station receiver, in which theentire CP is removed when the signal is received prior to processing therest of the OFDM symbol for decoding.

Generally, timing advance (TA) corrections are performed at the UE asinstructed by the eNodeB or base station. Sometimes a UE will bemisaligned to a symbol boundary, such as in scenarios where notransmission is performed on uplink (as no transmission results in no TAcorrection), due to DRx and wrong TA calculation. Such scenarios willresult in degraded overall system performance. The disclosed systems andmethods mitigate this effect.

V. Block Diagram and Implementation

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an LTE receiver block, in accordancewith some embodiments. At block 701, an analog to digital converter(ADC) receives baseband radio signals and converts them to digitalsamples. At block 702, the cyclic prefixes are removed; instead ofcomplete removal of CP for every assumed symbol, in the presentdisclosure a subset, such as half, of the CP is removed. The outputsamples should constitute the data symbol, and are passed to a FFT block703. At this stage the symbol may be rotated due to moving up the FFTwindow. As shown, the FFT block 703 outputs two symbols, a referenceOFDM symbol and a data OFDM symbol, which goes to block 706. Thereference OFDM symbol is passed to a de-rotate block 704, where it isde-rotated by multiplying by the complex conjugate of the phase of rampe^(j2ft). The de-rotated block is passed to channel estimation block705. Once channel estimation is performed, equalization and de-rotationof the data symbols is performed at block 706. Further processing, suchas output to an LTE Layer 2 PHY, occurs at block 707.

Consider FIG. 7 as a LTE receiver block. In an ideal case the CP removalwould drop 160 samples for the first OFDM symbol and 144 samples forevery other OFDM symbol of a slot in a 20 MHz LTE system. After whichthe rest of the sample of the OFDM symbol would be passed over toperform FFT. Here the FFT window shall begin right at the boundary ofthe CP and OFDM Symbol. In the case of negative timing offset themechanism described section IV states that the FFT window is started inadvance by certain samples. The CP removal in the block figure will onlydrop 50% of the CP samples. Hence this would mean that in a 20 MHz LTEsystem instead of 160/144 samples getting dropped instead 80/72 sampleswill get dropped. The end 80/72 samples of the OFDM symbols will not beconsidered in the FFT. One would believe that the 80/72 samples gettingdropped off at the end of the OFDM symbol would result in loss ofinformation. But from section II it is quite clear that CP contain acopy of the 160/144 samples of the end of the OFDM symbol which iscopied at the beginning. Hence there is no loss of information. Insteadthere would arise a phase rotation which can be de rotated at the timeof Channel Estimation of the DMRS OFDM symbol and Equalization for theData OFDM symbols.

In some embodiments, it is recognized that the benefit of half-CPshifting is obtained in the case of negative delay. Therefore, two modesof operation are contemplated, in some embodiments: a normal mode and ahalf-CP shifted mode. The half-CP shifted mode may be entered when anegative delay is detected or expected. Detection of a negative delaymay cause the system to dynamically enter into the half-CP shifted mode.Detection may include the use of a threshold to enter the half-CPshifted mode. Once a channel no longer exhibits a negative delay, insome cases detected by delay falling below a threshold, the half-CPshifted mode may subsequently be exited. In some embodiments, the phaseor rotation of the OFDM symbols may be determined and used to determinewhether a signal is negatively or positively delayed; this may beperformed in the same module as the half CP shifting.

From section II it is clear that considering only 50% of the complete CPsize as the actual CP would not have a considerable negative impact on afemtocell/picocell system, as the coverage area is small, being in therange of 10-200 meters [4]. However, for a macro based system were thecoverage area is much larger in the range 1 to 20 km, CP size reductioncould result in ISI effect during positive timing offset. Hence thismethod may prove to be advantageous where coverage areas are small.

The proposed method has been tested and implemented in a real LTE 4Gsystem over PSC 913x processors for baseband LTE Pico/Femto systems. Theproposed method however comes with a drawback of increase cycle count.As an addition operation de-rotation is needed to be done at each OFDMsymbol.

VI. Exemplary Hardware

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an enhanced eNodeB, in accordance withsome embodiments. Enhanced eNodeB 800 may include processor 802,processor memory 804 in communication with the processor, basebandprocessor 806, and baseband processor memory 808 in communication withthe baseband processor. Enhanced eNodeB 800 may also include first radiotransceiver 810 and second radio transceiver 812, internal universalserial bus (USB) port 816, and subscriber information module card (SIMcard) 818 coupled to USB port 814. In some embodiments, the second radiotransceiver 812 itself may be coupled to USB port 816, andcommunications from the baseband processor may be passed through USBport 816.

A self-organizing network (SON) module 830 may also be included, whichmay include a database (not shown), in some embodiments, or which may bein communication with a coordination server (not shown), in someembodiments, or both, in some embodiments.

Processor 802 and baseband processor 806 are in communication with oneanother. Processor 802 may perform routing functions, and may determineif/when a switch in network configuration is needed. Baseband processor806 may generate and receive radio signals for both radio transceivers810 and 812, based on instructions from processor 802. In someembodiments, processors 802 and 806 may be on the same physical logicboard. In other embodiments, they may be on separate logic boards.

The first radio transceiver 810 may be a radio transceiver capable ofproviding LTE eNodeB functionality, and may be capable of higher powerand multi-channel OFDMA. The second radio transceiver 812 may be a radiotransceiver capable of providing LTE UE functionality. Both transceivers810 and 812 are capable of receiving and transmitting on one or more LTEbands. In some embodiments, either or both of transceivers 810 and 812may be capable of providing both LTE eNodeB and LTE UE functionality.Transceiver 810 may be coupled to processor 802 via a PeripheralComponent Interconnect-Express (PCI-E) bus, and/or via a daughtercard.Transceiver 810 may have its L1 (PHY), L2 (MAC), and other layersimplemented using software modules that are configured to run onprocessor 802, as described herein.

Transceiver 812 may be for providing LTE UE functionality, in effectemulating a user equipment, it may be connected via the same ordifferent PCI-E bus, or by a USB bus, and may also be coupled to SIMcard 818. SIM card 818 may provide information required forauthenticating the simulated UE to the evolved packet core (EPC). Whenno access to an operator EPC is available, a local EPC on the enhancedeNodeB itself (not shown) may be used, or another local EPC on thenetwork may be used. This information may be stored within the SIM card,and may include one or more of an international mobile equipmentidentity (IMEI), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), orother parameter needed to identify a UE. Special parameters may also bestored in the SIM card or provided by the processor during processing toidentify to a target eNodeB that device 800 is not an ordinary UE butinstead is a special UE for providing backhaul to device 800.

Alternatively, transceiver 812 may be another radio access technology(RAT) radio, such as a 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, or Wi-Fi radio. Transceivers 810and 812 may have different RATs or the same RAT. As each RAT and as eachradio has its own PHY, the concepts and methods described herein couldbe used for 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, or Wi-Fi PHY and MAC layer error messaging,or a combination of multiple RAT layer error messaging modules.

Wired backhaul or wireless backhaul may be used. Wired backhaul may bean Ethernet-based backhaul (including Gigabit Ethernet), or afiber-optic backhaul connection, or a cable-based backhaul connection,in some embodiments. Additionally, wireless backhaul may be provided inaddition to wireless transceivers 810 and 812, which may be Wi-Fi802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ah, Bluetooth, ZigBee, microwave (includingline-of-sight microwave), or another wireless backhaul connection. Anyof the wired and wireless connections may be used for either access orbackhaul, according to identified network conditions and needs, and maybe under the control of processor 802 for reconfiguration.

Other elements and/or modules may also be included, such as a homeeNodeB, a local gateway (LGW), or another module. Additional radioamplifiers, radio transceivers and/or wired network connections may alsobe included.

Processor 802 may identify the appropriate network configuration, andmay perform routing of packets from one network interface to anotheraccordingly. Processor 802 may use memory 804, in particular to store arouting table to be used for routing packets. Baseband processor 806 mayperform operations to generate the radio frequency signals fortransmission or retransmission by both transceivers 810 and 812.Baseband processor 806 may also perform operations to decode signalsreceived by transceivers 810 and 812. Baseband processor 806 may usememory 808 to perform these tasks.

In some embodiments, the radio transceivers described herein may be basestations compatible with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio transmissionprotocol or air interface. The LTE-compatible base stations may beeNodeBs. In addition to supporting the LTE protocol, the base stationsmay also support other air interfaces, such as UMTS/HSPA, CDMA/CDMA2000,GSM/EDGE, GPRS, EVDO, other 3G/2G, legacy TDD, or other air interfacesused for mobile telephony. In some embodiments, the base stationsdescribed herein may support Wi-Fi air interfaces, which may include oneor more of IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac. In some embodiments, the base stationsdescribed herein may support IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), to LTE transmissionsin unlicensed frequency bands (e.g., LTE-U, Licensed Access or LA-LTE),to LTE transmissions using dynamic spectrum access (DSA), to radiotransceivers for ZigBee, Bluetooth, or other radio frequency protocols,or other air interfaces. In some embodiments, the base stationsdescribed herein may use programmable frequency filters. In someembodiments, the base stations described herein may provide access toland mobile radio (LMR)-associated radio frequency bands. In someembodiments, the base stations described herein may also support morethan one of the above radio frequency protocols, and may also supporttransmit power adjustments for some or all of the radio frequencyprotocols supported.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that multiple hardware andsoftware configurations could be used depending upon the accessprotocol, backhaul protocol, duplexing scheme, or operating frequencyband by adding or replacing daughtercards to the dynamic multi-RAT node.Presently, there are radio cards that can be used for the varying radioparameters. Accordingly, the multi-RAT nodes of the present inventioncould be designed to contain as many radio cards as desired given theradio parameters of heterogeneous mesh networks within which themulti-RAT node is likely to operate. Those of skill in the art willrecognize that, to the extent an off-the shelf radio card is notavailable to accomplish transmission/reception in a particular radioparameter, a radio card capable of performing, e.g., in white spacefrequencies, would not be difficult to design.

Those of skill in the art will also recognize that hardware may embodysoftware, software may be stored in hardware as firmware, and variousmodules and/or functions may be performed or provided either as hardwareor software depending on the specific needs of a particular embodiment.

The embodiments disclosed herein can be used with a variety of protocolsso long as there are OFDM symbols with cyclic prefixes. Although themethod described assumes an LTE system, the techniques described canalso be extended to other wireless systems that use OFDM symbols, suchas 5G, IEEE 802.11a, g, n, ac, 802.16E, 802.20, HIPERLAN/2, DAB/DAB+,DVB-T/H, WiMAX, etc.

In any of the scenarios described herein, processing may be performed atthe cell (base station), or at a UE, or at a relay node, or a mesh node,or at a baseband processing node; the processing may also be performedin coordination with a cloud coordination server. The eNodeB may be incommunication with the cloud coordination server via an X2 protocolconnection, or another connection. The eNodeB may perform inter-cellcoordination via the cloud communication server, when other cells are incommunication with the cloud coordination server. The eNodeB maycommunicate with the cloud coordination server to determine whether theUE has the ability to support a handover to Wi-Fi, e.g., in aheterogeneous network.

Although the methods above are described as separate embodiments, one ofskill in the art would understand that it would be possible anddesirable to combine several of the above methods into a singleembodiment, or to combine disparate methods into a single embodiment.For example, all of the above methods could be combined. In thescenarios where multiple embodiments are described, the methods could becombined in sequential order, in various orders as necessary.

In some embodiments, the software needed for implementing the methodsand procedures described herein may be implemented in a high levelprocedural or an object-oriented language such as C, C++, C#, Python, orJava. The software may also be implemented in assembly language ifdesired. Packet processing implemented in a network device can includeany processing determined by the context. For example, packet processingmay involve high-level data link control (HDLC) framing, headercompression, and/or encryption. In some embodiments, software that, whenexecuted, causes a device to perform the methods described herein may bestored on a computer-readable medium such as read-only memory (ROM),programmable-read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasableprogrammable-read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or a magnetic diskthat is readable by a general or special purpose-processing unit toperform the processes described in this document. The processors caninclude any microprocessor (single or multiple core), system on chip(SoC), microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), or any other integrated circuit capable ofprocessing instructions such as an x86 microprocessor.

Although the present disclosure has been described and illustrated inthe foregoing example embodiments, it is understood that the presentdisclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerouschanges in the details of implementation of the disclosure may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, which islimited only by the claims which follow. Various components in thedevices described herein may be added, removed, or substituted withthose having the same or similar functionality. Various steps asdescribed in the figures and specification may be added or removed fromthe processes described herein, and the steps described may be performedin an alternative order, consistent with the spirit of the invention.Features of one embodiment may be used in another embodiment. Otherembodiments are within the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumcontaining instructions which, when executed, cause a system to performsteps comprising: receiving an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed(OFDM) radio frame, the OFDM radio frame containing a subframe, thesubframe containing a slot; performing analog to digital conversion(ADC) on the slot to generate a sample sequence; performing cyclicprefix (CP) sample removal on the plurality of samples to generate aCP-removed sample sequence; performing a fast Fourier transform (FFT) onthe OFDM symbol using a shifted window to generate a symbol; andperforming a de-rotation of the symbol by multiplying the symbol by acomplex conjugate of a phase ramp e^(−j2ft), wherein the CP-removedsample sequence contains a portion of a cyclic prefix of the samplesequence.
 2. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1,further containing instructions wherein the OFDM radio frame is a 5Gradio frame or an LTE radio frame.
 3. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, further containing instructionswherein the portion of the cyclic prefix is half of the cyclic prefix.4. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, furthercontaining instructions for outputting a reference symbol and a datasymbol.
 5. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1,further containing instructions for performing channel estimation on thede-rotated symbol.
 6. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 1, further containing instructions for equalizing and de-rotatingthe symbol.
 7. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1,further containing instructions for removing 80 samples from a firstOFDM symbol in a leading position in a slot.
 8. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, further containing instructions forremoving 72 samples from a plurality of non-leading position OFDMsymbols in a slot.
 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 1, further containing instructions for removing a different numberof samples based on a channel bandwidth, a channel model, a base stationcoverage area, or a receiver configuration.